Discovered in 1921 at Harappa and 1922 at Mohenjo-daro in what is now Pakistan, the Indus Civilization is recognized as one of the world’s earliest and most extensive civilizations.
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, acknowledged as UNESCO World Heritage sites, were massive cities that may have represented political centralization in either two large states or a single empire with dual capitals.
The civilization, with over 100 smaller settlements, spanned from southwestern Balochistan to the Yamuna River basin.
Harappa, which succeeded the periodically devastated Mohenjo-daro, had an estimated population of 23,500–35,000, while Mohenjo-daro housed 35,000–41,250 people.
The civilization’s southern region, including the Kathiawar Peninsula, emerged later in its historical timeline.
